The animal liberation movement, sometimes called the animal rights Animal rights, also referred to as animal liberation, is the idea that the most basic interests of non-human animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings. Advocates approach the issue from different philosophical positions, but agree that animals should be viewed as non-human persons and members of the movement, animal personhood, or animal advocacy movement, is a global movement with roughly three components: philosophical debate, legal development, and direct action. The movement seeks an end to the rigid moral and legal distinction drawn between human and non-human beings, an end to the status of animals as property, and an end to their use in the research Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Worldwide it is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals are used annually—from zebrafish to non-human primates. Invertebrates, mice, rats, birds, fish, frogs, and animals not yet weaned are not, food A slaughterhouse is an industrial facility where animals are processed for consumption as food products. In the United States, around ten billion animals are slaughtered every year in 5,700 slaughterhouses and processing plants employing 527,000 workers; in 2007, 28.1 billion pounds of beef were consumed in the U.S. alone. In Canada, 650 million, clothing Most of the world’s farmed fur is produced by European farmers. There are 6,000 fur farms in the EU. The EU accounts for 67% of global mink production and 70% of fox production. Denmark is the leading mink-producing country, accounting for nearly 40% of world production. Other major producers included the Netherlands, Russia, Finland, China,, and entertainment industries.

It is one of the few examples of a social movement that was created, and is to a large extent sustained academically, by philosophers Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word "philosophy" comes from the.[1]

Contents

Terms

All animal liberationists believe that the individual interests of non-human animals deserve recognition and protection, but the movement can be split into two broad camps.

Animal rights advocates, or rights liberationists, believe that these basic interests confer moral rights of some kind on the animals, and/or ought to confer legal rights on them;[1] see, for example, the work of Tom Regan Tom Regan is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001. Utilitarian liberationists, on the other hand, do not believe that animals possess moral rights, but argue, on utilitarian grounds — utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. The most influential contributors to this ideology were Jeremy in its simplest form advocating that we base moral decisions on the greatest happiness of the greatest number — that, because animals have the ability to suffer, their suffering must be taken into account in any moral philosophy. To exclude animals from that consideration, they argue, is a form of discrimination that they call speciesism Speciesism is the assigning of different values or rights to beings on the basis of their species membership. The term was created by British psychologist Richard D. Ryder in 1973 to denote a prejudice against non-humans based on physical differences that are given moral value however, it can also refer to misanthropy, a hatred of all humans; see, for example, the work of Peter Singer Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian.[2]

Despite these differences, the terms "animal liberation" and "animal rights" are generally used interchangeably.

History

Further information: Late 20th century: Emergence of an animal rights movement Animal rights, also referred to as animal liberation, is the idea that the most basic interests of non-human animals should be afforded the same consideration as the similar interests of human beings. Advocates approach the issue from different philosophical positions, but agree that animals should be viewed as non-human persons and members of the | Gary Francione Gary Lawrence Francione is an American legal scholar. He is the Distinguished Professor of Law and Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Scholar of Law & Philosophy at Rutgers School of Law-Newark | Tom Regan Tom Regan is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001 | Richard D. Ryder Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder, known as Richard D. Ryder , is a British psychologist who came to public attention in 1969 when, after having worked in animal research laboratories, he began to speak out against animal testing, and became one of the pioneers of the modern animal liberation movement. He is the author of Victims of Science (1975), | Peter Singer Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian

Philosopher Peter Singer Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian

The movement is regarded as having been founded in the UK in the early 1970s by a group of Oxford academics, now known as the "Oxford Group."[3] Psychologist Richard Ryder Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder, known as Richard D. Ryder , is a British psychologist who came to public attention in 1969 when, after having worked in animal research laboratories, he began to speak out against animal testing, and became one of the pioneers of the modern animal liberation movement. He is the author of Victims of Science (1975),, who was part of the group, writes that "rarely has a cause been so rationally argued and so intellectually well armed."[4][5] He cites a 1965 article by novelist Brigid Brophy in the Sunday Times as pivotal in helping to spark the movement. Brophy wrote:

“ The relationship of homo sapiens Humans are known taxonomically as Homo sapiens , and are the only extant member of the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. However, in some cases "human" is used to refer to any member of the genus Homo to the other animals is one of unremitting exploitation In political economy, economics, and sociology, exploitation involves a persistent social relationship in which certain persons are being mistreated or unfairly used for the benefit of others. This corresponds to one ethical conception of exploitation, that is, the treatment of human beings as mere means to an end—or as mere "objects". We employ their work; we eat and wear them. We exploit them to serve our superstitions Superstition is a credulous belief or notion, not based on reason or knowledge. The word is often used pejoratively to refer to folk beliefs deemed irrational. This leads to some superstitions being called "old wives' tales". It is also commonly applied to beliefs and practices surrounding luck, prophecy and spiritual beings,: whereas we used to sacrifice Sacrifice is commonly known as the practice of offering food, objects (typically valuables), or the lives of animals or people to the gods as an act of propitiation or worship. The term is also used metaphorically to describe selfless good deeds for others or a short term loss in return for a greater gain, such as in a game of chess. Recently it them to our gods and tear out their entrails In mammals, food enters the mouth, being chewed by teeth, with chemical processing beginning with chemicals in the saliva from the salivary glands. Then it travels down the oesophagus into the stomach, where hydrocloric acid kills most contaminating microorganisms and begins mechanical break down of some food , and chemical alteration of some. The in order to foresee the future, we now sacrifice them to science, and experiment on their entrail in the hope — or on the mere offchance — that we might thereby see a little more clearly into the present.[6] ”

Ryder wrote three letters to the Daily Telegraph The Daily Telegraph is a daily morning broadsheet newspaper distributed throughout the United Kingdom and internationally. The newspaper was founded by Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh in June 1855 as the Daily Telegraph and Courier, and is currently owned by David and Frederick Barclay in response to Brophy's arguments.[7] Brophy read Ryder's letters and put him in touch with Oxford philosophers Stanley and Roslind Godlovitch, and John Harris, who were working on a book about the issue.[4]

Philosopher Tom Regan Tom Regan is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001

In 1970, Ryder coined the phrase "speciesism Speciesism is the assigning of different values or rights to beings on the basis of their species membership. The term was created by British psychologist Richard D. Ryder in 1973 to denote a prejudice against non-humans based on physical differences that are given moral value however, it can also refer to misanthropy, a hatred of all humans," first using it in a privately printed pamphlet to describe the assignment of value to the interests of beings on the basis of their membership of a particular species.[8] Ryder subsequently became a contributor to Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans(1972), edited by John Harris and the Godlovitches, a work that became highly influential,[9] as did Rosalind Godlovitch's essay "Animal and Morals," published the same year.

It was in a review of Animals, Men and Morals for the New York Review of Books The New York Review of Books is a fortnightly magazine with articles on literature, culture and current affairs published in New York City. It takes as its point of departure that the discussion of important books is itself an indispensable literary activity. Esquire has called it "the premier literary-intellectual magazine in the English that Australian philosopher Peter Singer Peter Albert David Singer is an Australian philosopher. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, and laureate professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE), University of Melbourne. He specialises in applied ethics, approaching ethical issues from a secular preference utilitarian first put forward his basic arguments, based on utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure as summed among all sentient beings. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. The most influential contributors to this ideology were Jeremy and drawing an explicit comparison between women's liberation Feminism refers to political, cultural, and economic movements aimed at establishing greater rights, legal protection for women, and/or women's liberation. Feminism includes some of the sociological theories and philosophies concerned with issues of gender difference. It is also a movement that campaigns for women's rights and interests. Nancy and animal liberation. Out of the review came Singer's Animal Liberation Animal Liberation is a book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer, published in 1975. The book is widely considered within the animal liberation movement to be the founding philosophical statement of its ideas. Singer himself rejected the use of the theoretical framework of rights when it comes to human and nonhuman animals: he argued that the, published in 1975, now regarded as the "bible" of the movement.

Other books regarded as important include philosopher Tom Regan Tom Regan is an American philosopher who specializes in animal rights theory. He was professor emeritus of philosophy at North Carolina State University, where he taught from 1967 until his retirement in 2001's The Case for Animal Rights (1983); Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism by James Rachels James Rachels was an American philosopher who specialized in ethics (1990); Animals, Property, and the Law (1995) by legal scholar Gary Francione Gary Lawrence Francione is an American legal scholar. He is the Distinguished Professor of Law and Nicholas deB. Katzenbach Scholar of Law & Philosophy at Rutgers School of Law-Newark, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals by another legal scholar Steven M. Wise Steven M. Wise is an American legal scholar who specializes in animal protection issues, primatology, and animal intelligence. He teaches animal rights law at Harvard Law School, Vermont Law School, John Marshall Law School, Lewis & Clark Law School, and Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is a former president of the Animal (2000); and Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy by Julian H. Franklin (2005).[10]

Nature of the movement

Status

The movement is no longer viewed as hovering on the fringe.[11] In the 1980s and 1990s, it was joined by a wide variety of academics and professionals, including lawyers, physicians, psychologists, veterinarians, and former vivisectionists,[10] and is now a common subject of study in philosophy departments in Europe and North America.[11] Animal law courses are taught in 92 out of 180 law schools in the U.S.,[12] and the movement has gained the support of senior legal scholars, including Alan Dershowitz Alan Morton Dershowitz is an American lawyer, jurist, and political commentator. He is the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law at Harvard Law School. Dershowitz is known for his career as an attorney in several high-profile law cases and as a commentator on the Arab-Israeli conflict. He has spent most of his career at Harvard, where, at the age of 2[13] and Laurence Tribe Laurence Henry Tribe is a professor of constitutional law at Harvard Law School and the Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard University. He also serves as a consultant for the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld of Harvard Law School Harvard Law School is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University. Located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is the oldest continually-operating law school in the United States and is home to the largest academic law library in the world. HLS is highly prestigious and perennially tops various law school rankings, including Judging.[14] Chapters of animal rights law have been created in several state bar associations A bar association is a professional body of lawyers. Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their jurisdiction; others are professional organizations dedicated to serving their members; in many cases, they are both, and resolutions related to animal rights are regularly proposed within the American Bar Association The American Bar Association , founded August 21, 1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. The ABA's most important stated activities are the setting of academic standards for law schools, and the formulation of model ethical codes related to the legal.[14]

Michael Socarras of Greenberg Traurig told the Association of American Medical Colleges: "There is a very important shift under way in the manner in which many people in law schools and in the legal profession think about animals. This shift has not yet reached popular opinion. However, in [the U.S.], social change has and can occur through the courts, which in many instances do not operate as democratic institutions. Therefore, the evolution in elite legal opinion is extremely significant ..."[14]

Advocacy

Veganism and vegetarianism

Further information: Factory farming Factory farming is the practice of raising livestock in confinement at high stocking density, where a farm operates as a factory — a practice typical in industrial farming by agribusinesses. The main product of this industry is meat, milk and eggs for human consumption, Live export, Veganism Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the, Vegetarianism Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived, and Veganarchism Veganarchism or vegan anarchism, is the political philosophy of veganism and anarchism, creating a combined praxis that's designed to be a means for social revolution. This encompasses viewing the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, whilst practising a vegan lifestyle. It is either perceived as a combined theory,

Animal liberationists usually boycott industries that use animals. Foremost among these is factory farming Factory farming is the practice of raising livestock in confinement at high stocking density, where a farm operates as a factory — a practice typical in industrial farming by agribusinesses. The main product of this industry is meat, milk and eggs for human consumption, [15] which produces the majority of meat, dairy products, and eggs in industrialized nations. The transportation of farm animals for slaughter, which often involves their live export, has in recent years been a major issue for animal rights groups, particularly in the UK and Scandinavia.

The vast majority of animal rights advocates adopt vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of following a plant-based diet including fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and seeds, with or without dairy products and eggs. A vegetarian does not eat meat, including red meat, game, poultry, fish, crustacea, and shellfish, and may also abstain from by-products of animal slaughter such as animal-derived or vegan Veganism is a philosophy and lifestyle whose adherents seek to exclude the use of animals for food, clothing, or any other purpose. Vegans endeavor not to use or consume animal products of any kind. The most common reasons for becoming a vegan are human health, ethical commitment or moral conviction concerning animal rights or welfare, the diets.[16]. They may also avoid clothes made of animal skins, such as leather shoes, and will not use products known to contain animal byproducts A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a manufacturing process, a chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway, and is not the primary product or service being produced. A by-product can be useful and marketable, or it can be considered waste. Goods containing ingredients that have been tested on animals Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Worldwide it is estimated that 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals are used annually—from zebrafish to non-human primates. Invertebrates, mice, rats, birds, fish, frogs, and animals not yet weaned are not are also avoided where possible. Company-wide boycotts A boycott is a form of consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest, usually for political reasons are common. The Procter & Gamble Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500 American multinational corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. As of 2008, P&G is the 8th largest corporation in the world by market capitalization and 14th largest US company by profit. In early 2010, P&G reached 4th largest corporation in corporation, for example, tests many of its products on animals, leading many animal rights advocates to boycott the company's products entirely, whether tested on animals or not.

There is a growing trend in the American movement towards devoting all resources to vegetarian outreach. The 9.8 billion animals killed there for food every year far exceeds the number of animals used in other ways. Groups such as Vegan Outreach Vegan Outreach is America's cutting-edge grassroots animal advocacy group working to expose and end cruelty to animals through the widespread distribution of printed informational booklets. As of March 2010, over eleven million hard copies of Vegan Outreach brochures have been handed out by the local members of Vegan Outreach around the world and Compassion Over Killing devote their time to exposing factory-farming practices by publishing information for consumers and by organizing undercover investigations.

Veganarchism
Main articles: Veganarchism, Anarchism and animal liberation, and Green anarchism Veganarchy symbol; combining the 'V' from vegan with the anarchist 'A' symbol.[17]

Veganarchism is the political philosophy of veganism (more specifically animal liberation) and anarchism, creating a combined praxis as a means for social revolution.[18][19] This encompasses viewing the state as unnecessary and harmful to animals, both human and non-human, whilst practising a vegan diet. Veganarchists either see the ideology as a combined theory, or perceive both philosophies to be essentially the same.[20] It is further described as an anti-speciesist perspective on green anarchism, or an anarchist perspective on animal liberation.[19]

The term was popularised in 1995 with Brian A. Dominick's pamphlet Animal Liberation and Social Revolution, described as "a vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism".[17] The 18-page pamphlet explains how many young anarchists in the 1990s had been adopting deep ecological (animal-inclusive and anti-speciesist) mindsets as part of an overall green anarchist political philosophy. Similarly animal liberationists were becoming increasingly influenced by anarchist thought and traditions, thus becoming veganarchists and adopting an overall praxis.[19]

Direct action

Further information: Animal Liberation Front, SPEAK campaign, Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty, List of animal rights groups, Leaderless resistance, and Anarchism and animal rights
Timeline of ALF actions: 1976-1999, 2000-2004 and 2005-Present
A protest march in Huntingdon by SHAC, November 10, 2007. Goats rescued from the QinetiQ ex-military laboratory by the Animal Liberation Front in July 2006. A fire, claimed by the Oxford Arson Squad, caused £500,000 damage to Londbridges boathouse, Oxfordshire on July 4, 2005.

The movement espouses a number of approaches, and is bitterly divided on the issue of direct action and violence, with very few activists or writers publicly advocating the latter tactic as a justified method to use.[21] Most groups reject violence against persons, intimidation, threats, and the destruction of property: for example, the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) and Animal Aid. These groups concentrate on education and research, including carrying out undercover investigations of animal-testing facilities. There is some evidence of cooperation between the BUAV and the ALF: for example, the BUAV used to donate office space for the use of the ALF in London in the early 1980s.[22]

Other groups do not condemn the destruction of property, or intimidation, but do not themselves engage in those activities, concentrating instead on education, research, media campaigns, and undercover investigations: for example, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).

A third category of activists operates using the leaderless resistance model, working in covert cells consisting of small numbers of trusted friends, or of one individual acting alone. These cells engage in direct action: for example by carrying out raids to release animals from laboratories and farms, using names like the Animal Liberation Front (ALF); or by boycotting and targeting anyone or any business associated with the controversial animal testing lab, Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), using a campaign name like Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC).

Activists who have carried out or threatened acts of physical violence have operated using the names; Hunt Retribution Squad (HRS), Animal Rights Militia (ARM), Justice Department and the Revolutionary Cells--Animal Liberation brigade (RCALB).

A November 13, 2003 edition of CBS News' 60 Minutes charged that "eco-terrorists," a term used by the United States government to refer to the Animal Liberation Front and Earth Liberation Front, are considered by the FBI to be "the country’s biggest domestic terrorist threat." [23] John Lewis, a Deputy Assistant Director for Counterterrorism at the FBI, stated in a 60 Minutes interview that these groups "have caused over $100 million worth of damage nationwide", and that "there are more than 150 investigations of eco-terrorist crimes underway". [24] In September 2006, the U.S. Senate unanimously passed the "Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act", legislation which would allow federal authorities to "help prevent, better investigate, and prosecute individuals who seek to halt biomedical research through acts of intimidation, harassment, and violence."[25] Many of the ideas used by those who engage in direct action were developed by British activists.

Some activists have attempted blackmail and other illegal activities, such as the intimidation campaign to close Darley Oaks farm, which involved hate mail, malicious phonecalls, hoax bombs, arson attacks and property destruction, climaxing in the theft of Gladys Hammond's body, the owners' mother-in-law, from a Staffordshire grave. Over a thousand ALF attacks in one year in the UK alone caused £2.6m of damage to property, prompting some experts to state that animal rights now tops the list of causes that prompt violence in the UK.[26]

There are also a growing number of "open rescues," in which liberationists enter businesses to remove animals without trying to hide their identities. Open rescues tend to be carried out by committed individuals willing to go to jail if prosecuted, but so far no farmer has been willing to press charges.[27]

Philosophical and legal aims

Further informaiton: Main animal rights philosophical approaches | First animals to be granted legal rights and Veganarchism

The movement aims to include animals in the moral community by putting the basic interests of non-human animals on an equal footing with the basic interests of human beings. A basic interest would be, for example, not being made to suffer pain on behalf of other individual human or non-human animals. The aim is to remove animals from the sphere of property and to award them personhood; that is, to see them awarded legal rights to protect their basic interests.

“ Who are we that we have set ourselves up on this pedestal and we believe that we have a right to take from others everything—including their life—simply because we want to do it? Shouldn’t we stop and think for a second that maybe they are just others like us? Other nations, other individuals, other cultures. Just others. Not sub-human, but just different from being human. ”

Liberationists argue that animals appear to have value in law only in relation to their usefulness or benefit to their owners, and are awarded no intrinsic value whatsoever. In the United States, for example, state and federal laws formulate the rules for the treatment of animals in terms of their status as property. Liberationists point out that Texas Animal Cruelty Laws apply only to pets living under the custody of human beings and exclude birds, deer, rabbits, squirrels, and other wild animals not owned by humans, ignoring that juridiction for such creatures comes under the domain of state wildlife officers. The U.S. Animal Welfare Act excludes "pet stores ... state and country fairs, livestock shows, rodeos, purebred dog and cat shows, and any fairs or exhibitions intended to advance agricultural arts and sciences." There is no mention in the law that such activities already fall under the jurisdiction of state agriculture departments. The Department of Agriculture interprets the Act as also excluding cold-blooded animals, and warm-blooded animals not "used for research, teaching, testing, experimentation ... exhibition purposes, or as a pet, [and] farm animals used for food, fiber, or production purposes". [28]

Regarding the campaign to change the status of animals as property, the movement has seen success in several countries. Switzerland passed legislation in 1992 recognizing non-human animals as beings, not things. The German Civil Code had been amended correspondingly two years earlier. In 2002, the words "and animals" were added to the constitutional clause obliging the German state to protect the "natural living conditions", which has been regarded as a milestone in the development of the legal status of animals in Germany. The amendment, however, has not had much impact in German legal practice yet. The greatest success has certainly been the granting of basic rights to five great ape species in New Zealand in 1999. Their use is now forbidden in research, testing or teaching.

The Seattle-based Great Ape Project (GAP) — founded by Australian philosopher Peter Singer, the author of Animal Liberation, widely regarded as the "bible" of the animal liberation movement — is campaigning for the United Nations to adopt its Declaration on Great Apes, which would see chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orang-utans included in a "community of equals" with human beings. The declaration wants to extend to the non-human apes the protection of three basic interests: the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture. [29]. The New Zealand success is partly ascribed to GAP´s activity.

Public support

A series of articles on
Animal rights
Activists Greg Avery · David Barbarash

Mel Broughton · Rod Coronado Barry Horne · Ronnie Lee Keith Mann · Ingrid Newkirk Heather Nicholson · Jill Phipps Henry Spira · Andrew Tyler Jerry Vlasak · Paul Watson

Robin Webb
Writers Carol Adams · Jeremy Bentham

Steven Best · Stephen Clark Gary Francione · Gill Langley Mary Midgley · Tom Regan Bernard Rollin · Richard Ryder Henry Salt · Peter Singer ·

Steven Wise · Roger Yates
Groups List of animal rights groups

Animal Aid · ALDF · ALF · BUAV GAP · Hunt Saboteurs PETA · PCRM

Sea Shepherd SPEAK · SHAC
Issues Animal liberation movement

Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act Animal law · Animal testing Bile bear · Blood sport Covance · Draize test Factory farming · Fur trade Great Ape research ban · HLS Lab animal sources · LD50 Meat industry Nafovanny · Open rescue Operation Backfire · Primate trade

Seal hunting · Speciesism
Cases Britches · Brown Dog affair

Cambridge · Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys

Unnecessary Fuss
Films Animal rights films

Behind the Mask · Earthlings The Animals Film Peaceable Kingdom

Unnecessary Fuss
Books Animal rights books Animal Liberation
Magazines Animal rights magazines

Arkangel · Bite Back

No Compromise
Categories ALF · Animal testing Animal law ·

Animal rights AR movement Livestock · Meat

Poultry
Templates ·

Animal People, an independent newspaper covering the international animal-protection and animal-rights movements, indicates that these issues are increasing in popularity with the public. Citing U.S. IRS (tax) form 990 numbers for 2004, the newspaper says that donations to animal rights groups increased by 40 percent from 2003 to 2004. For example:

Animal People estimates the combined budgets of animal protection organizations at more than $290 million in 2004, up from $207 million in 2003. [30]

Terrorism

The U.S. Justice Department labels underground groups the Animal Liberation Front and the Earth Liberation Front as terrorist organizations. [31] [32]Some arson, property destruction and vandalism has been linked to various animal rights groups[33][34]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Animal rights," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
  2. ^ Taylor, Angus. Animals and Ethics. Broadview Press, 2003, pp. 153 ff.
  3. ^ "Ethics: Animals." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2007.
  4. ^ a b Ryder, Richard. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. Berg, 2000, p. 6.
  5. ^ Cox, Simon and Vadon, Richard. "How animal rights took on the world", BBC Radio 4, retrieved June 18, 2006.
  6. ^ Brophy, Brigid. The Sunday Times, October 10, 1965, cited in Ryder, Richard. Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism. First published by Basil Blackwell, 1989; this edition Berg, 2000, p. 5.
  7. ^ Ryder, Richard. Letters to the editor, Daily Telegraph, April 7, May 3, and May 20, 1969.
  8. ^ Ryder, Richard D. "All beings that feel pain deserve human rights", The Guardian, August 6, 2005.
  9. ^ Godlovitch R, Godlovitch S, and Harris J. (1972). Animals, Men and Morals: An Inquiry into the Maltreatment of Non-humans
  10. ^ a b "Animal Rights: The Modern Animal Rights Movement." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
  11. ^ a b Jonsson, Patrik. "Tracing an animal-rights philosophy", Christian Science Monitor, October 9, 2001.
  12. ^ "Animal law courses", Animal Legal Defense Fund.
  13. ^ Dershowitz, Alan. Rights from Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights, 2004, pp. 198–99, and "Darwin, Meet Dershowitz," The Animals' Advocate, Winter 2002, volume 21.
  14. ^ a b c "'Personhood' Redefined: Animal Rights Strategy Gets at the Essence of Being Human", Association of American Medical Colleges, retrieved July 12, 2006.
  15. ^ Cruelty To Animals, GoVeg.com.
  16. ^ Singer, Peter. Animal Liberation, second edition, Random House, 1975; this edition 1990, p. 160ff.
  17. ^ a b Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, Critical Mess Media, 1995.
  18. ^ Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 6.
  19. ^ a b c Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 5.
  20. ^ Dominick, Brian. Animal Liberation and Social Revolution: A vegan perspective on anarchism or an anarchist perspective on veganism, third edition, Firestarter Press, 1997, page 1.
  21. ^ Today, interview with Jerry Vlasak, BBC Radio 4, July 26, 2004, cited in Best, Steven. "Who's Afraid of Jerry Vlasak?" Animal Liberation Press Office, undated, retrieved January 17, 2008.
  22. ^ Newkirk, Ingrid. Free the animals. Lantern Books, 2000. ISBN 1-930051-22-0
  23. ^ FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism, CNN, 19th May 2005.
  24. ^ Burning Rage, CBS News, 18th June 2006.
  25. ^ S3880, United States Senate
  26. ^ Animal rights, terror tactics, BBC News, 30th August 2007.
  27. ^ Anti-terror law 'could trap animal extremists', The Telegraph, 25th October 2005.
  28. ^ Again, such animals come under the jurisiciton of STATE law, not federal. A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals, Animal Liberation Front.
  29. ^ [1], Great Ape Project.
  30. ^ Donations increase to animal rights groups, Brownfield Network, February 24th 2006.
  31. ^ [2] [3], Portland FBI. The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act of the U.S. was created with the goal of targeting people involved in violence, arson, threat or any other forms of terrorism by prescribing several punishments, but it has also had what has been described as 'a chilling effect' on free speech.
  32. ^ H.R. 4239 [109th: Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act], GovTracks.us, 4th November 2005.
  33. ^ Animal Rights and Environmental Extremists use intimidation and violence to achieve their ends
  34. ^ Kill scientists, says animal rights chief

Further reading

Articles
Books
Humane society
Articles Dog-baiting · Animal cognition · Animal control officer · Animal euthanasia · Captivity (animal) · Animal hoarding · Animal loss · Animal rights · Overpopulation in companion animals · Animal shelter · Animal welfare · Anthrozoology · Breed-specific legislation · Cruelty to animals · Dog attack · Dog fighting · Dog licence · Dog tag · Ethology · Emotion in animals · Factory farming · Feral · Human-animal bond · Neutering · No-kill shelter · Pet · Pet adoption · Pet cemetery · Pet food · Pet insurance · Rainbow Bridge · Rescue group · SPCA · Zoology
Categories Animals · Animal anatomy · Animal equipment · Animal and pet magazines · Animal cognition · Animal diseases · Animal law · Animal rights · Animal rights movement · Animal shelters · Animal testing · Animal welfare · Animal welfare organizations · Cats · Dogs · Domesticated animals · Ethology · Famous animals · Human-animal relationships · Humane Society · Pets · Veterinary medicine · Working animals · Zoology
Animal rights
Activists Greg Avery · David Barbarash · Mel Broughton · Rod Coronado · Barry Horne · Ronnie Lee · Keith Mann · Ingrid Newkirk · Heather Nicholson · Wayne Pacelle · Jill Phipps · Henry Spira · Andrew Tyler · Jerry Vlasak · Paul Watson · Robin Webb
Writers Carol Adams · Jeremy Bentham · Steven Best · Stephen R.L. Clark · Gary Francione · Gill Langley · Mary Midgley · Tom Regan · Bernard Rollin · Richard D. Ryder · Henry Salt · Peter Singer · Steven M. Wise · Roger Yates
Groups Animal Aid · Animal Legal Defense Fund · Animal Liberation Brigade · Animal Liberation Front · Animal Liberation Press Office · Animal Rights Militia · BUAV · CAFT · Friends of Animals · Great Ape Project · Justice Department · PETA · Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine · Primate Freedom Project · Sea Shepherd · SPEAK · SHAC
Issues Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act · Animal rights · Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act · Animal testing · Bile bear · Blood sport · Covance · Factory farming · Fur trade · Great ape research ban · Green Scare · Huntingdon Life Sciences · International trade in primates · Meat industry · Nafovanny · Open rescue · Operation Backfire · Pain and suffering in laboratory animals · Seal hunting · Speciesism · Testing on NHPs · Veganarchism · Veganism · Vegetarianism
Cases Brown Dog affair · Britches · Cambridge University primates · Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys · Unnecessary Fuss
Films Behind the Mask (2006) · Earthlings (2006) · Peaceable Kingdom (2004) · The Animals Film (1981)
Books, magazines Animal Liberation (1975) · Arkangel · Bite Back · No Compromise
Categories Animal Liberation Front · Animal rights movement · Animal rights · Animal testing · Famous animals · Livestock · Meat · Poultry

Categories: Animal rights movement

 

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